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Handbook on the Economics of Sport
This comprehensive Handbook provides a survey of all the major research areas in sports economics written by almost all of the active researchers in this field. It offers not only an accessible insight into the major findings of the literature but also presents some of the world’s principal researchers’ views on the unanswered questions that face us today.
More Information
Critical Acclaim
Contributors
Contents
More Information
This comprehensive Handbook provides a survey of all the major research areas in sports economics written by almost all of the active researchers in this field. It offers not only an accessible insight into the major findings of the literature but also presents some of the world’s principal researchers’ views on the unanswered questions that face us today. Issues covered include:
• sport in the economy
• the demand for sport
• cost–benefit analysis of sport
• sporting governance and the state
• individualistic sports
• team sports
• dysfunctions in sport including discrimination, doping and corruption.
It is an indispensable guide to one of the most lively and rapidly evolving fields of economics.
• sport in the economy
• the demand for sport
• cost–benefit analysis of sport
• sporting governance and the state
• individualistic sports
• team sports
• dysfunctions in sport including discrimination, doping and corruption.
It is an indispensable guide to one of the most lively and rapidly evolving fields of economics.
Critical Acclaim
‘The editors should be commended for taking on such a big task, and succeeding so well. This book should be in the library of every institution where students have to write a paper that may be related to sport, or on the shelf of any lecturer teaching economics or public finance who has even a remote interest in sport. The material is very accessible, and useful in many different settings.’
– Ruud H. Koning, Jahrbücher f. Nationalökonomie u. Statistik
‘Edward Elgar’s brilliant market niche is identifying a topic in economics, finding editors who know the area backwards and challenging them to assemble the best cross-section of relevant articles either already published or newly commissioned. Handbook on the Economics of Sport is Edward Elgar at its very best. If you love economics you’ll find many fascinating insights here; if you love sport but know little economics then this book is mostly accessible and will teach you a lot; and if you are a sports-mad economist then you will be in hog heaven. Furthermore, if, like this reviewer, you are broadly very sceptical about the reports consultants produce for governments on the supposed economic windfall from hosting a big event or subsidising a stadium then you will get a lot of good counter-arguments in this volume. Indeed there are several chapters on the above theme that I’m sure I’ll be copying frequently to government officials in years to come. . . The demand for sport is a fascinating subject and it is hard to pick out just one chapter from the second section. Read them all – they make a wonderful 65-page treat. . . Part VI was a real feast, a smorgasbord. . . This is a magnificent piece of work and the 36-page index rounds it all off splendidly.’
– John Blundell, Economic Affairs
‘The book covers the most important areas of research of an emerging economic sub-discipline spanning the past half a century. It serves admirably the purpose of an introduction into the rich and growing area of reflection for all concerned. . . the editors and authors of the Handbook have done a commendable job of accumulating sophisticated material for many economists, managers, politicians and self-conscious fans, who are sure to find excellent training ground for the whole heptathlon. . . This book will be invaluable for advanced students investigating professional sport. From the point of view of lawyers, particularly those engaged with the relationship between law and sports governance, the Handbook offers invaluable analysis of the economic issues that are alluded to in those debates but rarely examined in detail. . . These insights will also prove useful for policy analysts and sports administrators for whom many sections should be considered mandatory reading.’
– Aleksander Sulejewicz, Journal of Contemporary European Research
‘Over 800 pages on the economics of sport. What a feast! What a treat! The editors have done a wonderful job both in terms of breadth – from David Beckham to child labour in Pakistan – and depth, tournaments and luxury taxes for example. . . The 86 chapters are uniformly of a very high standard and illuminating. And there are real gems in some of the contributions.’
– British Journal on the Economics of Sport
‘This very interesting and comprehensive book achieves its objective, namely to present an overview of research in sports economics at an introductory level. . . [The editors] have produced an excellent reference book that belongs in all academic institutions’ libraries. It provides extensive introduction to the growing body of literature in the rising field of economics of sport. The book’s relevant monographs should be read by institutions, cities and countries prior to their committing major resources towards sports facilities or a sporting event.’
– James Angresano, Journal of Sports Economics
‘One could think of this book as the sports-and-economics counterpart to Joy of Cooking, because it will satisfy the needs of those with a keen interest in such subjects as the demand for sport by spectators and the media. . . this encyclopedic volume is as close as anyone is likely to come in the foreseeable future to a solid, well-written reference work on the subject. Offering plenty of bibliographic references, it is an authoritative starting point for any serious discussion of a wide variety of topics at the intersection of economics and the sporting world. Highly recommended. All readers; all levels.’
– A.R. Sanderson, Choice
‘The knowledge base represented by this volume is impressive. The collection of papers also admirably demonstrates the power of economic analysis to provide insights to the workings of the world in which we live.’
– Economic Outlook and Business Review
‘The worldwide growth in sports participation, attendance and broadcasting has spawned a lively interest in economic analysis of sporting activities. The Handbook on the Economics of Sport is an original reference work by a stellar group of 65 experts whose monographs cover virtually all the significant aspects of the field. It is unique and valuable because of its global perspective, with contributors from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and the US. Prominent editors Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski recognize the importance of intellectual rigour in the essays. There is a nice blend of theory, practice and econometrics, with emphasis on empirical results, which should appeal to a broad spectrum of readers. The book’s thoughtful organization, comprehensive coverage and authoritative analysis make it an indispensable resource for sports scholars and practitioners. Publisher Edward Elgar has distinguished itself by providing first-rate books on sports economics and is the premier literary source on this important new branch of social science.’
– Paul Staudohar, former President of the International Association of Sports Economics (1992–2002), and co-founder of the Journal of Sports Economics
– Ruud H. Koning, Jahrbücher f. Nationalökonomie u. Statistik
‘Edward Elgar’s brilliant market niche is identifying a topic in economics, finding editors who know the area backwards and challenging them to assemble the best cross-section of relevant articles either already published or newly commissioned. Handbook on the Economics of Sport is Edward Elgar at its very best. If you love economics you’ll find many fascinating insights here; if you love sport but know little economics then this book is mostly accessible and will teach you a lot; and if you are a sports-mad economist then you will be in hog heaven. Furthermore, if, like this reviewer, you are broadly very sceptical about the reports consultants produce for governments on the supposed economic windfall from hosting a big event or subsidising a stadium then you will get a lot of good counter-arguments in this volume. Indeed there are several chapters on the above theme that I’m sure I’ll be copying frequently to government officials in years to come. . . The demand for sport is a fascinating subject and it is hard to pick out just one chapter from the second section. Read them all – they make a wonderful 65-page treat. . . Part VI was a real feast, a smorgasbord. . . This is a magnificent piece of work and the 36-page index rounds it all off splendidly.’
– John Blundell, Economic Affairs
‘The book covers the most important areas of research of an emerging economic sub-discipline spanning the past half a century. It serves admirably the purpose of an introduction into the rich and growing area of reflection for all concerned. . . the editors and authors of the Handbook have done a commendable job of accumulating sophisticated material for many economists, managers, politicians and self-conscious fans, who are sure to find excellent training ground for the whole heptathlon. . . This book will be invaluable for advanced students investigating professional sport. From the point of view of lawyers, particularly those engaged with the relationship between law and sports governance, the Handbook offers invaluable analysis of the economic issues that are alluded to in those debates but rarely examined in detail. . . These insights will also prove useful for policy analysts and sports administrators for whom many sections should be considered mandatory reading.’
– Aleksander Sulejewicz, Journal of Contemporary European Research
‘Over 800 pages on the economics of sport. What a feast! What a treat! The editors have done a wonderful job both in terms of breadth – from David Beckham to child labour in Pakistan – and depth, tournaments and luxury taxes for example. . . The 86 chapters are uniformly of a very high standard and illuminating. And there are real gems in some of the contributions.’
– British Journal on the Economics of Sport
‘This very interesting and comprehensive book achieves its objective, namely to present an overview of research in sports economics at an introductory level. . . [The editors] have produced an excellent reference book that belongs in all academic institutions’ libraries. It provides extensive introduction to the growing body of literature in the rising field of economics of sport. The book’s relevant monographs should be read by institutions, cities and countries prior to their committing major resources towards sports facilities or a sporting event.’
– James Angresano, Journal of Sports Economics
‘One could think of this book as the sports-and-economics counterpart to Joy of Cooking, because it will satisfy the needs of those with a keen interest in such subjects as the demand for sport by spectators and the media. . . this encyclopedic volume is as close as anyone is likely to come in the foreseeable future to a solid, well-written reference work on the subject. Offering plenty of bibliographic references, it is an authoritative starting point for any serious discussion of a wide variety of topics at the intersection of economics and the sporting world. Highly recommended. All readers; all levels.’
– A.R. Sanderson, Choice
‘The knowledge base represented by this volume is impressive. The collection of papers also admirably demonstrates the power of economic analysis to provide insights to the workings of the world in which we live.’
– Economic Outlook and Business Review
‘The worldwide growth in sports participation, attendance and broadcasting has spawned a lively interest in economic analysis of sporting activities. The Handbook on the Economics of Sport is an original reference work by a stellar group of 65 experts whose monographs cover virtually all the significant aspects of the field. It is unique and valuable because of its global perspective, with contributors from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and the US. Prominent editors Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski recognize the importance of intellectual rigour in the essays. There is a nice blend of theory, practice and econometrics, with emphasis on empirical results, which should appeal to a broad spectrum of readers. The book’s thoughtful organization, comprehensive coverage and authoritative analysis make it an indispensable resource for sports scholars and practitioners. Publisher Edward Elgar has distinguished itself by providing first-rate books on sports economics and is the premier literary source on this important new branch of social science.’
– Paul Staudohar, former President of the International Association of Sports Economics (1992–2002), and co-founder of the Journal of Sports Economics
Contributors
Contributors: W. Andreff, R.A. Baade, E. Barget, C.P. Barros, D.J. Berri, F. Bolotny, R. Booth, J. Borland, J.-F. Bourg, C. Bramley, J.-C. Breillat, B. Buraimo, F. Carmichael, P. Chaix, J.-L. Chappelet, B. Dabscheck, M. Desbordes, N. Eber, K.W. Einolf, P. Feehan, D. Forrest, R. Fort, B. Frick, J. García, B. Gerrard, J. Goddard, J.-J. Gouguet, E. Gustafson, L. Hadley, T. Hoehn, B. Houlihan, B.R. Humphreys, C. Jeanrenaud, L.H. Kahane, S. Késenne, M. Kurscheidt, F. Lagarde, U. Lago, M. Lavoie, M. Leeds, N. Longley, W. Maennig, D.R. Marburger, D.S. Mason, V. Matheson, J. McMillan, G. Muehlheusser, J.-F. Nys, S. Parlasca, S. Poupaux, I. Preston, H. Preuss, D. Primault, J. Prinz, P. Rodríguez, G. Rotillon, R. Sandy, R. Simmons, P.J. Sloane, S. Szymanski, R. Tenorio, D. Thomas, F. Tolsdorf, W. Vamplew, A. Zimbalist
Contents
Contents:
Introduction: Sport and Economics
Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski
PART I: SPORT IN THE ECONOMY
1. Sports Accounting
Wladimir Andreff
2. The Production of Professional Team Sports
Jeff Borland
3. The Sports Goods Industries
Wladimir Andreff
4. Sport and Gambling
David Forrest
5. Sponsorship
Claude Jeanrenaud
6. International Trade in Sports Goods
Wladimir Andreff
PART II: DEMAND FOR SPORT
7. The Demand for Sport
Jean-Jacques Gouguet
8. The Demand for Spectator Sports
Rob Simmons
9. Attendance at Sports Events
Patrick Feehan
10. The Demand for Sports Broadcasting
Babatunde Buraimo
11. The Demand for Media Coverage
Frédéric Bolotny and Jean-François Bourg
PART III: COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SPORT
12. Economic Impact Analysis
Victor Matheson
13. Physical Activity, Sport and Health
Jean-François Nys
14. Employment in Sport
Didier Primault
15. Sporting Externalities
Jean-Jacques Gouguet and Eric Barget
16. The Economic Impact of Mega-sporting Events
Robert A. Baade
17. The Olympics
Holger Preuss
18. The World Cup
Markus Kurscheidt
19. The Economic Impact of Sporting Facilities
Brad R. Humphreys
20. Voluntary Work in Sport
Wladimir Andreff
PART IV: SPORTING GOVERNANCE AND THE STATE
21. Governance and Governing Bodies in Sport
Thomas Hoehn
22. The Economics of the IOC
Jean-Loup Chappelet
23. Government Objectives and Sport
Barrie Houlihan
24. Central Government and Sport
Jean-François Nys
25. Sport and Financing
Wladimir Andreff
26. Military Sport
Jean-François Nys
27. Local Government and Regional Development in Sport
Carlos Pestana Barros
28. The European Model of Sport
Peter J. Sloane
29. The Anglo-American Model of Sport
Stefan Szymanski
30. Sport in Developing Countries
Wladimir Andreff
31. Soviet and Post-Soviet Sport
Sandrine Poupaux
32. International Labour Migration
Wladimir Andreff
33. Comparative Advantage of Nations
Wladimir Andreff
PART V: INDIVIDUALISTIC SPORTS
34. The Theory of Tournaments
Stefan Szymanski
35. Implications from the Theory of Contests for Modelling and Designing Sports Competitions
Gerd Muehlheusser
36. Citius, Altius, Fortius: The Production of World Records in the Running and Technical Disciplines in Track and Field
Bernd Frick, Joachim Prinz and Frank Tolsdorf
37. On the Competitive Structure in Professional Boxing, Or Why the Best Boxers Very Seldom Fight Each Other
Rafael Tenorio
38. Golf
Chantelle Bramley
39. The Economics of British Horseracing
Wray Vamplew
40. The Economics of Collegiate Athletics
Karl W. Einolf
41. The Economics of US Intercollegiate Sports and the NCAA
Robert Sandy
42. The Economics of Cycling
Michel Desbordes
43. Extreme Sports (Climbing and Mountaineering)
Gilles Rotillon
44. The Economics of Tennis
Eric Barget
PART VI: TEAM SPORTS
45. The Development of Team Sports Before 1914
Wray Vamplew
A. The Economics of Professional Sports and Leagues
46. Organisational Models of Professional Team Sports Leagues
Andrew Zimbalist
47. Baseball Economics
Stefan Szymanski
48. The Economics of Soccer
John Goddard
49. Football in England
Stefan Szymanski
50. The State of the Italian Football Industry
Umberto Lago
51. The Economics of Soccer in Spain
Jaume García and Plácido Rodríguez
52. Football in Germany
Bernd Frick
53. Football in France
Frédéric Bolotny
54. American Football
Michael Leeds
55. Labour Economics on the Hardwood: the NBA
David J. Berri
56. European Professional Basketball in Crisis, 1992–2002
Didier Primault
57. Ice Hockey
Marc Lavoie
58. The Economic Development of the Australian Football League
Ross Booth
59. Rugby: Strategy and Structure
John McMillan
60. The Economics of Professional Rugby
Pierre Chaix
61. The Economics of Cricket
Ian Preston
B. Principal Economic Issues
62. Uncertainty of Outcome, Competitive Balance and the Theory of Team Sports
Stefan Szymanski
63. The Objective Function of a Team
Stefan Késenne
64. Production Functions for Sporting Teams
Jeff Borland
65. Revenue Sharing
Stefan Szymanski
66. The Reserve Clause in Major League Baseball
Lawrence Hadley
67. The Retain and Transfer System
Dennis Thomas
68. The Bosman Case and European Football
Stefan Késenne
69. The Reverse-Order-of-Finish Draft in Sports
Leo H. Kahane
70. Chasing the Elusive Salary Cap
Daniel R. Marburger
71. The Luxury Tax in Professional Sports
Elizabeth Gustafson
72. ‘At the Top Table’: Player Unions in Soccer
Braham Dabscheck
73. The Player Transfer System in Soccer
Fiona Carmichael
74. Player Agents
Daniel S. Mason
75. The Promotion and Relegation System
Stefan Szymanski
76. Team Sports and Finance
Wladimir Andreff
77. Inelastic Sports Pricing at the Gate? A Survey
Rodney Fort
78. Financial Innovation in Professional Team Sports: The Case of English Premiership Soccer
Bill Gerrard
79. Collective Selling of Broadcast Rights in Team Sports
Susanne Parlasca
80. The Sporting Exception and the Legality of Restraints in the US
Stefan Szymanski
81. The Specificity of Sport and the European Community Law: The Example of Nationality
Jean-Christophe Breillat and Frank Lagarde
82. Sport and Globalisation: Sport as a Global Public Good
Jean-François Bourg and Jean-Jacques Gouguet
PART VII: DYSFUNCTIONS IN SPORT
83. Racial Discrimination
Neil Longley
84. Gender Discrimination
Brad R. Humphreys
85. Doping
Nicolas Eber
86. Corruption
Wolfgang Maennig
Index
Introduction: Sport and Economics
Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski
PART I: SPORT IN THE ECONOMY
1. Sports Accounting
Wladimir Andreff
2. The Production of Professional Team Sports
Jeff Borland
3. The Sports Goods Industries
Wladimir Andreff
4. Sport and Gambling
David Forrest
5. Sponsorship
Claude Jeanrenaud
6. International Trade in Sports Goods
Wladimir Andreff
PART II: DEMAND FOR SPORT
7. The Demand for Sport
Jean-Jacques Gouguet
8. The Demand for Spectator Sports
Rob Simmons
9. Attendance at Sports Events
Patrick Feehan
10. The Demand for Sports Broadcasting
Babatunde Buraimo
11. The Demand for Media Coverage
Frédéric Bolotny and Jean-François Bourg
PART III: COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SPORT
12. Economic Impact Analysis
Victor Matheson
13. Physical Activity, Sport and Health
Jean-François Nys
14. Employment in Sport
Didier Primault
15. Sporting Externalities
Jean-Jacques Gouguet and Eric Barget
16. The Economic Impact of Mega-sporting Events
Robert A. Baade
17. The Olympics
Holger Preuss
18. The World Cup
Markus Kurscheidt
19. The Economic Impact of Sporting Facilities
Brad R. Humphreys
20. Voluntary Work in Sport
Wladimir Andreff
PART IV: SPORTING GOVERNANCE AND THE STATE
21. Governance and Governing Bodies in Sport
Thomas Hoehn
22. The Economics of the IOC
Jean-Loup Chappelet
23. Government Objectives and Sport
Barrie Houlihan
24. Central Government and Sport
Jean-François Nys
25. Sport and Financing
Wladimir Andreff
26. Military Sport
Jean-François Nys
27. Local Government and Regional Development in Sport
Carlos Pestana Barros
28. The European Model of Sport
Peter J. Sloane
29. The Anglo-American Model of Sport
Stefan Szymanski
30. Sport in Developing Countries
Wladimir Andreff
31. Soviet and Post-Soviet Sport
Sandrine Poupaux
32. International Labour Migration
Wladimir Andreff
33. Comparative Advantage of Nations
Wladimir Andreff
PART V: INDIVIDUALISTIC SPORTS
34. The Theory of Tournaments
Stefan Szymanski
35. Implications from the Theory of Contests for Modelling and Designing Sports Competitions
Gerd Muehlheusser
36. Citius, Altius, Fortius: The Production of World Records in the Running and Technical Disciplines in Track and Field
Bernd Frick, Joachim Prinz and Frank Tolsdorf
37. On the Competitive Structure in Professional Boxing, Or Why the Best Boxers Very Seldom Fight Each Other
Rafael Tenorio
38. Golf
Chantelle Bramley
39. The Economics of British Horseracing
Wray Vamplew
40. The Economics of Collegiate Athletics
Karl W. Einolf
41. The Economics of US Intercollegiate Sports and the NCAA
Robert Sandy
42. The Economics of Cycling
Michel Desbordes
43. Extreme Sports (Climbing and Mountaineering)
Gilles Rotillon
44. The Economics of Tennis
Eric Barget
PART VI: TEAM SPORTS
45. The Development of Team Sports Before 1914
Wray Vamplew
A. The Economics of Professional Sports and Leagues
46. Organisational Models of Professional Team Sports Leagues
Andrew Zimbalist
47. Baseball Economics
Stefan Szymanski
48. The Economics of Soccer
John Goddard
49. Football in England
Stefan Szymanski
50. The State of the Italian Football Industry
Umberto Lago
51. The Economics of Soccer in Spain
Jaume García and Plácido Rodríguez
52. Football in Germany
Bernd Frick
53. Football in France
Frédéric Bolotny
54. American Football
Michael Leeds
55. Labour Economics on the Hardwood: the NBA
David J. Berri
56. European Professional Basketball in Crisis, 1992–2002
Didier Primault
57. Ice Hockey
Marc Lavoie
58. The Economic Development of the Australian Football League
Ross Booth
59. Rugby: Strategy and Structure
John McMillan
60. The Economics of Professional Rugby
Pierre Chaix
61. The Economics of Cricket
Ian Preston
B. Principal Economic Issues
62. Uncertainty of Outcome, Competitive Balance and the Theory of Team Sports
Stefan Szymanski
63. The Objective Function of a Team
Stefan Késenne
64. Production Functions for Sporting Teams
Jeff Borland
65. Revenue Sharing
Stefan Szymanski
66. The Reserve Clause in Major League Baseball
Lawrence Hadley
67. The Retain and Transfer System
Dennis Thomas
68. The Bosman Case and European Football
Stefan Késenne
69. The Reverse-Order-of-Finish Draft in Sports
Leo H. Kahane
70. Chasing the Elusive Salary Cap
Daniel R. Marburger
71. The Luxury Tax in Professional Sports
Elizabeth Gustafson
72. ‘At the Top Table’: Player Unions in Soccer
Braham Dabscheck
73. The Player Transfer System in Soccer
Fiona Carmichael
74. Player Agents
Daniel S. Mason
75. The Promotion and Relegation System
Stefan Szymanski
76. Team Sports and Finance
Wladimir Andreff
77. Inelastic Sports Pricing at the Gate? A Survey
Rodney Fort
78. Financial Innovation in Professional Team Sports: The Case of English Premiership Soccer
Bill Gerrard
79. Collective Selling of Broadcast Rights in Team Sports
Susanne Parlasca
80. The Sporting Exception and the Legality of Restraints in the US
Stefan Szymanski
81. The Specificity of Sport and the European Community Law: The Example of Nationality
Jean-Christophe Breillat and Frank Lagarde
82. Sport and Globalisation: Sport as a Global Public Good
Jean-François Bourg and Jean-Jacques Gouguet
PART VII: DYSFUNCTIONS IN SPORT
83. Racial Discrimination
Neil Longley
84. Gender Discrimination
Brad R. Humphreys
85. Doping
Nicolas Eber
86. Corruption
Wolfgang Maennig
Index
