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Handbook of the Circular Economy
This crucial Handbook brings together the latest thinking on the circular economy, an area that has increasingly caught global attention. Contributors explore a broad range of themes such as recycling systems and new business models, as well as consolidating the many ways in which the topic has been dealt with in research, business and policy-making. The Handbook of the Circular Economy is not only relevant, but also essential for students, academics, and policy-makers trying to make sense of the plethora of ways in which the term has been applied and interpreted.
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Critical Acclaim
Contributors
Contents
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This crucial Handbook investigates an urgent area for policy-makers, academia and industries alike: the circular economy. International experts on the subject bring together the latest thinking on this critical global issue.
Providing a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and consequences of the circular economy, as well as its limitations, it raises important questions concerning how the world should proceed when non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels and minerals, are being depleted and the environment is struggling to cope with the waste and emissions of unsustainable production and consumption systems. Contributors explore a broad range of themes, such as new sustainable production and consumption systems, new design requirements, recycling systems, new business models and the social impacts of the circular economy, while also consolidating the many ways in which the topic has been dealt with in research, business and policy-making.
Shedding light on a concept that has become increasingly relevant during the last decade, the Handbook of the Circular Economy is essential reading for students, academics and policy-makers trying to make sense of the plethora of ways in which the term has been applied and interpreted.33.34
Providing a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and consequences of the circular economy, as well as its limitations, it raises important questions concerning how the world should proceed when non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels and minerals, are being depleted and the environment is struggling to cope with the waste and emissions of unsustainable production and consumption systems. Contributors explore a broad range of themes, such as new sustainable production and consumption systems, new design requirements, recycling systems, new business models and the social impacts of the circular economy, while also consolidating the many ways in which the topic has been dealt with in research, business and policy-making.
Shedding light on a concept that has become increasingly relevant during the last decade, the Handbook of the Circular Economy is essential reading for students, academics and policy-makers trying to make sense of the plethora of ways in which the term has been applied and interpreted.33.34
Critical Acclaim
‘In the present tsunami of new publications on the circular economy, this book sticks out through the broad analysis with regard to topics and regions covered by case studies. Let us hope that the book will motivate managers, policy-makers, educators, material scientists and economists to look at the present slowdown as a facilitator to change course towards a more sustainable and resilient society, towards a circular economy.’
– Walter R. Stahel, Product-Life Institute, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Surrey, UK
– Walter R. Stahel, Product-Life Institute, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Surrey, UK
Contributors
Contributors: G. Aid, S. Anderberg, M.S. Andersen, H. André, D. Andrews, F.M.A. Asif, B. Augusto, A. Azapagic, M. Babri, J. Barrie, M. Berglund, H. Birgisdottir, A. Björklund, N.M.P. Bocken, D. Böckin, C. Boks, C. Borrego, M. Brandão, N. Buclet, J. Camacho-Otero, L. Chamberlin, S. Coelho, H. Corvellec, A. Cowie, P. Ekholm, T. Ekvall, G. Finnveden, B.M. Frostell, A. Gallego-Schmid, D. Gerasimenko, R. Geyer, P. Ghisellini, W. Haas, K. Hobson, S. Hoge, P.J. Joyce, J. Judl, W. Kanda, T.K.M. Karppinen, P. Kautto, A. Klitkou, J. Korhonen, J. Krook, D. Laner, R. Laurenti, D. Lazarevic, S. Lingegård, M. Ljunggren Söderman, M. Lopes, S. Luostarinen, J. Maier, T. Malmqvist, E. Markelova, M. Martin, L. Martinsen, A. Mayer, J.M.F. Mendoza, A.I. Miranda, R. Momot, A. Moncaster, T. Myllymaa, S. Pauliuk, K. Pitkänen, S. Rafael, A. Rashid, F. Rasmussen, J. Reis, M. Roci, S. Schmidt, S.W. Short, A. Silva, J. Singh, R. Sinha, K. Skånberg, H.I. Stål, N. Svensson, A.-M. Tillman, V.S.C. Tunn, S. Turunen, T. Turunen, S. Ulgiati, H. Valve, D. Virag, B. Wallsten, D. Wiedenhofer, A. Wijkman, S. Willskytt, Z. Zink
Contents
Contents:
Foreword by Janez Potocnik and Julia Okatz xv
1 Introduction and overview 1
Miguel Brandão, David Lazarevic and Göran Finnveden
PART I FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
2 The circular economy: a strategy to reconcile economic and environmental
objectives?
8
David Lazarevic and Miguel Brandão
3 The circular economy as a complex adaptive system 28
Jouni Korhonen
4 The role of design as a barrier to and enabler of the circular economy 39
Deborah Andrews
5 Industrial symbiosis networks: application of the circular economy for
resource efficiency 50
Michael Martin
6 Product service systems: business models towards a circular economy 61
Sofia Lingegård
7 Consumers in the circular economy 74
Juana Camacho-Otero, Vivian S.C. Tunn, Lucy Chamberlin and Casper Boks
PART II ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF A CIRCULAR ECONOMY
8 Material flow analysis of recycling systems 89
Sarah Schmidt and David Laner
9 An element flow analysis approach to support the circular economy 99
Rajib Sinha, Rafael Laurenti, Jagdeep Singh and Björn M. Frostell
10 Modelling material recycling in life cycle assessment: how sensitive are results
to the available methods? 116
Tomas Ekvall and Miguel Brandão
11 Environmental economic assessment of novel circular economy and
bioeconomy technologies 137
Mikael Skou Andersen and Louise Martinsen
12 Integrated sustainability assessment of a circular economy 147
Kristian Skånberg, Anders Wijkman, Mårten Berglund, Göran Finnveden and
Miguel Brandão
13 Sex, drugs and the circular economy: the social impacts of the circular
economy and how to measure them 162
Kati Pitkänen, Tiina Kaisa Maria Karppinen, Petrus Kautto, Sara Turunen,
Jachym Judl and Tuuli Myllymaa
14 Why and how actors and organizations need to be integrated into a
systems-level monitoring for a sustainable circular economy 176
Dominik Wiedenhofer, Stefan Pauliuk, Andreas Mayer, Doris Virág and
Willi Haas
15 Circular economy rebound 194
Jason Maier, Roland Geyer and Trevor Zink
PART III GOVERNING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
16 Between a policy mix and a policy mess: policy instruments and
instrumentation for the circular economy 207
Petrus Kautto and David Lazarevic
17 The missing link: regulating waste-based materials in the circular economy 224
Topi Turunen
18 Building ecologies of circular intermediaries 235
Jack Barrie and Wisdom Kanda
19 Transforming business models: towards a sufficiency-based circular
economy 250
Nancy M.P. Bocken and Samuel W. Short
20 Putting circular ambitions into action: the case of Accus, a small Swedish
sign company 266
Hervé Corvellec, Maira Babri and Herman I. Stål
21 From waste management to natural capital management in the circular
economy 278
Graham Aid and David Lazarevic
22 Refurbishing the ‘circular economy’ concept in Russia: from industrial
policy towards innovation by co-creation 293
Darya Gerasimenko, Ekaterina Markelova and Raisa Momot
23 The circular economy at the heart of French sustainable public policies:
what are the consequences? 307
Nicolas Buclet
24 How Portugal is applying the circular challenge 315
Carlos Borrego, Sandra Rafael, Sílvia Coelho, Bruno Augusto, Afonso Silva,
Johnny Reis, Ana Isabel Miranda and Myriam Lopes
PART IV SECTORAL AND BUSINESS CASE STUDIES
25 What circular economy measures fit what kind of product? 327
Anne-Marie Tillman, Siri Willskytt, Daniel Böckin, Hampus André and
Maria Ljunggren Söderman
26 Circular manufacturing systems 343
Amir Rashid, Malvina Roci and Farazee M.A. Asif
27 The circular nutrient economy: needs and potentials of nutrient recycling 358
Helena Valve, Petri Ekholm and Sari Luostarinen
28 Understanding forest-based value creation in a regional context 369
Antje Klitkou
29 Bioenergy in the circular economy 382
Annette Cowie
30 Do bioenergy, bioeconomy and circular economy systems mitigate climate
change? Insights from life cycle assessment 396
Miguel Brandão
31 Straw wars – a consequential saga: the life cycle climate change
consequences of replacing plastic with paper 410
Simon Hoge and Miguel Brandão
32 Circularity in the built environment: a call for a paradigm shift 425
Tove Malmqvist, Alice Moncaster, Freja Rasmussen and Harpa Birgisdóttir
33 Implementation of a circular economy at universities 439
Joan Manuel F. Mendoza, Alejandro Gallego-Schmid and Adisa Azapagic
34 A life cycle perspective on the environmental aspects of complex, emerging
resource recovery systems: the case of bauxite residue 452
P. James Joyce and Anna Björklund
35 Urban mining: on the potential and multifaceted challenges of facilitating
recycling of wire-based city infrastructure 465
Joakim Krook, Björn Wallsten, Niclas Svensson and Stefan Anderberg
PART V PROSPECTS
36 Beyond the consumer: enlarging the role of the citizen in the circular
economy 479
Kersty Hobson
37 Managing the transition to the circular economy 491
Patrizia Ghisellini and Sergio Ulgiati
38 Prospects for the circular economy and conclusions 505
Miguel Brandão, David Lazarevic and Göran Finnveden
Index 515
Foreword by Janez Potocnik and Julia Okatz xv
1 Introduction and overview 1
Miguel Brandão, David Lazarevic and Göran Finnveden
PART I FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
2 The circular economy: a strategy to reconcile economic and environmental
objectives?
8
David Lazarevic and Miguel Brandão
3 The circular economy as a complex adaptive system 28
Jouni Korhonen
4 The role of design as a barrier to and enabler of the circular economy 39
Deborah Andrews
5 Industrial symbiosis networks: application of the circular economy for
resource efficiency 50
Michael Martin
6 Product service systems: business models towards a circular economy 61
Sofia Lingegård
7 Consumers in the circular economy 74
Juana Camacho-Otero, Vivian S.C. Tunn, Lucy Chamberlin and Casper Boks
PART II ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF A CIRCULAR ECONOMY
8 Material flow analysis of recycling systems 89
Sarah Schmidt and David Laner
9 An element flow analysis approach to support the circular economy 99
Rajib Sinha, Rafael Laurenti, Jagdeep Singh and Björn M. Frostell
10 Modelling material recycling in life cycle assessment: how sensitive are results
to the available methods? 116
Tomas Ekvall and Miguel Brandão
11 Environmental economic assessment of novel circular economy and
bioeconomy technologies 137
Mikael Skou Andersen and Louise Martinsen
12 Integrated sustainability assessment of a circular economy 147
Kristian Skånberg, Anders Wijkman, Mårten Berglund, Göran Finnveden and
Miguel Brandão
13 Sex, drugs and the circular economy: the social impacts of the circular
economy and how to measure them 162
Kati Pitkänen, Tiina Kaisa Maria Karppinen, Petrus Kautto, Sara Turunen,
Jachym Judl and Tuuli Myllymaa
14 Why and how actors and organizations need to be integrated into a
systems-level monitoring for a sustainable circular economy 176
Dominik Wiedenhofer, Stefan Pauliuk, Andreas Mayer, Doris Virág and
Willi Haas
15 Circular economy rebound 194
Jason Maier, Roland Geyer and Trevor Zink
PART III GOVERNING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
16 Between a policy mix and a policy mess: policy instruments and
instrumentation for the circular economy 207
Petrus Kautto and David Lazarevic
17 The missing link: regulating waste-based materials in the circular economy 224
Topi Turunen
18 Building ecologies of circular intermediaries 235
Jack Barrie and Wisdom Kanda
19 Transforming business models: towards a sufficiency-based circular
economy 250
Nancy M.P. Bocken and Samuel W. Short
20 Putting circular ambitions into action: the case of Accus, a small Swedish
sign company 266
Hervé Corvellec, Maira Babri and Herman I. Stål
21 From waste management to natural capital management in the circular
economy 278
Graham Aid and David Lazarevic
22 Refurbishing the ‘circular economy’ concept in Russia: from industrial
policy towards innovation by co-creation 293
Darya Gerasimenko, Ekaterina Markelova and Raisa Momot
23 The circular economy at the heart of French sustainable public policies:
what are the consequences? 307
Nicolas Buclet
24 How Portugal is applying the circular challenge 315
Carlos Borrego, Sandra Rafael, Sílvia Coelho, Bruno Augusto, Afonso Silva,
Johnny Reis, Ana Isabel Miranda and Myriam Lopes
PART IV SECTORAL AND BUSINESS CASE STUDIES
25 What circular economy measures fit what kind of product? 327
Anne-Marie Tillman, Siri Willskytt, Daniel Böckin, Hampus André and
Maria Ljunggren Söderman
26 Circular manufacturing systems 343
Amir Rashid, Malvina Roci and Farazee M.A. Asif
27 The circular nutrient economy: needs and potentials of nutrient recycling 358
Helena Valve, Petri Ekholm and Sari Luostarinen
28 Understanding forest-based value creation in a regional context 369
Antje Klitkou
29 Bioenergy in the circular economy 382
Annette Cowie
30 Do bioenergy, bioeconomy and circular economy systems mitigate climate
change? Insights from life cycle assessment 396
Miguel Brandão
31 Straw wars – a consequential saga: the life cycle climate change
consequences of replacing plastic with paper 410
Simon Hoge and Miguel Brandão
32 Circularity in the built environment: a call for a paradigm shift 425
Tove Malmqvist, Alice Moncaster, Freja Rasmussen and Harpa Birgisdóttir
33 Implementation of a circular economy at universities 439
Joan Manuel F. Mendoza, Alejandro Gallego-Schmid and Adisa Azapagic
34 A life cycle perspective on the environmental aspects of complex, emerging
resource recovery systems: the case of bauxite residue 452
P. James Joyce and Anna Björklund
35 Urban mining: on the potential and multifaceted challenges of facilitating
recycling of wire-based city infrastructure 465
Joakim Krook, Björn Wallsten, Niclas Svensson and Stefan Anderberg
PART V PROSPECTS
36 Beyond the consumer: enlarging the role of the citizen in the circular
economy 479
Kersty Hobson
37 Managing the transition to the circular economy 491
Patrizia Ghisellini and Sergio Ulgiati
38 Prospects for the circular economy and conclusions 505
Miguel Brandão, David Lazarevic and Göran Finnveden
Index 515
